Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
Neha Agrawal , Rajat Thawani , Emerson Yu-sheng Chen
Background: Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefit in esophago-gastric cancers. Little is known regarding time spent on treatment and adverse events that patients experienced to receive their care, or time toxicity, with regards to advances in immunotherapy. Methods: Fifteen phase 3 trials of anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 inhibitors used for esophageal and gastric cancers were selected from clinicaltrials.gov if they were published by February 2021. The published methods and protocol were reviewed to estimate the number of ‘hospital days’ based on required procedures associated with screening and treatment related care and proportion of serious and severe adverse events that served as a surrogate for time toxicity. Once hospital days were estimated for all randomized groups, they were analyzed according to immunotherapy arms, which included chemo-immunotherapy and immunotherapy-only arms, and non-immunotherapy arms, which included chemotherapy only and observation arms. Results: From the 15 trials included, there were 32 randomized groups, as 2 trials had 3 randomized groups. Six trials eventually led to FDA approval. Six were for immune checkpoint inhibitors in first line setting, and 8 were in subsequent line setting, and 1 were in adjuvant or maintenance trials. Only pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and avelumab were represented. The median estimated hospital days was 38 days (range 7-52), or 1.3 months, over one year. There was no difference comparing immunotherapy vs. immunotherapy-free arms (p = 0.5), but there was difference comparing chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy-free arms (p < .05). The median survival in the group of patients who received combination chemo-immunotherapy was 13.9 months, with time toxicity of 1.4 months. The survival and time toxicity of the chemotherapy, immunotherapy and placebo arms were 9.1 and 1.3 months, 10 and 0.9 months, and 7.5 and 0.3 months, respectively. Conclusions: While there is substantial number of days committed to cancer therapies among patients with esophageal or gastric cancer, we noticed a trend of more time toxicity in patients who received chemo-immunotherapy, vs patients who received immunotherapy alone. Given the modest improvement in survival gleaned from these trials, the magnitude of survival benefit should be weighed against the time toxicity incurred in patients.
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