Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
Ryan Ashkar , Sandra K. Althouse , Clint Cary , Timothy A. Masterson , Richard Foster , Nasser H. Hanna , Lawrence H. Einhorn , Nabil Adra
Background: BM is an independent adverse prognostic factor that can lead to treatment complications and failure in pts with mGCT. We aimed to establish an effective and practical BM prediction model accounting for size of pulmonary metastases. Methods: 2,291 consecutive pts with mGCT treated at Indiana University between January 1990 and September 2017 were identified. Pts were divided into 2 categories: BM present (N=154) and BM absent (N=2137). Kaplan-Meier methods were used to analyze progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Logistic regression was used to determine a predictive model for whether BM was present. The data was separated 50/50 into training and validation datasets with equal numbers of events in each. Size of pulmonary metastases were calculated based on the sum of long axis diameter of pulmonary metastases for each patient and were divided into <3cm vs. ≥3cm. Results: Baseline characteristics for 2 groups are listed in the table below. 2-yr PFS and OS for pts with vs without BM: 17% vs 65% (p<0.001) and 62% vs 91% (p<0.001) respectively. Among the 154 pts with BM, 64 (42%) had radiation only (whole-brain radiotherapy or gamma knife), 22 (14%) had BM-surgery only, 14 (9%) had both radiation and BM-surgery. 54 pts (35%) did not receive local therapy for BM. A stepwise selection was used to determine the best model with p<0.15 as the entry and staying criteria. The model with the largest ROC AUC was used moving forward. The model was tested in the validation dataset. A model was generated including age at diagnosis≥40 (1 point), pre-chemotherapy hCG≥5000 (1 point), presence of bone metastases (1 point), choriocarcinoma predominant histology (2 points), and presence of pulmonary metastases size <3 cm (2 points) or ≥3 cm (3 points). Patients with 0 points had a 0.6% probability of having BM, 1 point → 1.4%, 2 points → 3.5%, 3 points → 8.2%, 4 points → 18.3%, 5 points → 36%, 6 points → 58%, 7 points → 78%, and 8 points → 90%. Conclusions: The prediction model developed in this study demonstrated discrimination capability of predicting BM occurrence in mGCT and can be used by clinicians to identify high-risk pts.
Variable | BM present N=154 | BM absent N=2137 |
---|---|---|
Median age at diagnosis (range) | 29 (16-52) | 29 (13-75) |
Primary site | 135 (88%) | 1986 (93%) |
-Testis | 8 (5%) | 82 (4% |
-Retroperitoneum | 10 (7%) | 60 (3%) |
-Mediastinum | ||
Histology | 6 (4%) | 383 (18%) |
-Seminoma | 147 (96%) | 1742 (82%) |
-Non-seminoma | 59 (38%) | 89 (4%) |
Choriocarcinoma | 32 (21%) | 674 (32%) |
Embryonal carcinoma | 12 (8%) | 160 (8%) |
Yolk sac tumor | 12 (8%) | 227 (11%) |
Teratoma | ||
Metastatic sites | 114 (74%) | 1806 (85%) |
-Retroperitoneal LN | 143 (93%) | 855 (40%) |
-Pulmonary | 66 (42.9%) | 620 (29%) |
·<3 cm | 77 (50%) | 235 (11%) |
·≥3 cm | 57 (37%) | 211 (10%) |
-Liver | 12 (8% | 57 (3%) |
-Bone |
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