University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL
Noor Naffakh , Michael Williams , Priyam Patel , Rachel Pedersen , Michael Peterson , Anthony DeFranco , Stephen Medlin , Sherjeel Sana , Zartash Gul
Background: Hypomethylating agents (HMA) such as decitabine and azacitidine are frontline therapies for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Limited data exist on subsequent cardiovascular (CV) events. Johnson et al. reported 170 patients receiving HMA + venetoclax with a CV event rate of 20%. Aims: To investigate the incidence of CV events in patients receiving HMA. Methods: We analyzed adult AML and MDS patients with > 1 dose of azacitidine or decitabine from 1/2018-12/2020. New CV events were defined as new atrial fibrillation, acute coronary syndrome, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, or pericarditis. Competing risks regression identified baseline predictors associated with time to first CV event while accounting for the competing event of death. Results: 94 patients with no CV history were evaluated which consisted of a mean age 69 +/- 12 years and 50% male. 56% had MDS and 44% AML. Patients with BMI ≥ 30 accounted for 38.3% of the sample. 44 (47%) patients had baseline echocardiogram assessments prior to initiation of HMA with EF of 61+/- 8%; 57 (61%) had a documented prescription of beta-blocker, ACE-I, or ARB at time of HMA initiation. In the 94 patients, 16 new cardiac events occurred. Median survival after therapy initiation was 14.8 months. In a competing risks univariate analysis, lower prior EF (after adjusting for no EF performed) and absence of pre-chemotherapy beta-blocker, ACE-I, or ARB were significantly associated with having a new cardiac event post chemotherapy start (hazard ratio per 5-unit decrease = 1.62 (1.33-1.99), p<0.01 and HR=2.89 (1.08-7.77), p=0.03, respectively). Baseline BMI did not affect risk of a new CV event on HMA therapy (HR per 5 units=1.08 (0.78-1.50), p=0.63). Total HMA dose did not show significance as a predictor for CV events (HR=0.99 (0.987-1.009), p=0.72). Conclusions: We observed a CV event incidence of 19% at 3 years after the start of HMAs. Among patients receiving HMA chemotherapy, those with a lower baseline EF and those not on beta-blocker, ACE-I or ARB therapy prior to initiation of HMA had a higher incidence of cardiotoxicity. Neither pre-HMA BMI nor total HMA dose received appeared to predict risk for CV events. Further research is warranted evaluating the association between HMAs and cardiotoxicity.
Months post HMA initiation | 6 | 12 | 24 | 36 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Event Rates | 7.5% | 8.6% | 16.1% | 19.1% |
Total Event Count | 6 | 8 | 14 | 16 |
Heart Failure | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
EF≤40%/New Cardiomyopathy | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
Myocardial Infarction | 2 | 2 | ||
Pericarditis | 1 | 1 |
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