Background: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy before esophagectomy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) can obtain significant survival benefits for patients compared with surgery alone. The antiangiogenic drugs have shown efficacy in many cancers including esophageal cancer. The benefits of antiangiogenic drugs in neoadjuvant therapy for ESCC still worth exploring. Anlotinib was an effective second-line monotherapy for ESCC in China and the combination of anlotinib and chemotherapy might be a promising strategy as neoadjuvant treatment. Methods: This was a single-arm, non-interventional study. Patients diagnosed stage II-III ESCC confirmed by histopathology would be enrolled(N=30). Patients received neoadjuvant therapy with anlotinib (12 mg, po, d1-14, 21 days per cycle) combined with paclitaxel (135 mg/m² iv d1, 21 days per cycle) and cisplatin (60-75mg/m² iv d1, 21 days per cycle). The primary endpoints were pathologic complete response (pCR) rate, rate of R0 resection and disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and safety profile. Results: From July 2020 to September 2022, 20 pts (15 males and 5 females) were enrolled with a median age of 66 years (range: 48-75). 12 pts (60%) had ECOG PS 1, 8 pts had ECOG PS 2. 17/1/2 pts received 2/3/4 cycles of neoadjuvant treatment respectively. In best overall response assessment, ORR was 95% and DCR was 100%. Among them 18 pts underwent esophagectomy and all of them obtained R0 resection, as the rate of R0 resection was 90%. 6 pts (30%) were confirmed to be pCR. The median DFS was not yet available. The safety profile suggested that 3 (15%) pts occurred grade 1-2 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), including decreased leukocyte count (5%), diarrhea (5%), nausea and vomiting (5%). No grade ≥3 TRAEs were observed. Conclusions: The preliminary results of this study show promising efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with paclitaxel and cisplatin as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. More ESCC patients would be recruited in the future. Clinical trial information: ChiCTR2100054374.