Background: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity have been associated with overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with borderline resectable and advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), but little is known about the effect of body composition on OS in pts with resectable PDA. We examined the relationship between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue measurements on baseline computed tomography (CT) and OS of pts with resectable PDA in a secondary analysis of SWOG S1505 (NCT02562716). Methods: SWOG S1505 enrolled pts with resectable PDA who were randomized to receive neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine-nab paclitaxel, followed by surgical resection. Baseline axial CT images at the L3 level were analyzed with externally validated software and measurements were recorded for skeletal muscle area (SMA), density (SMD) and index (SMI); visceral adipose tissue area (VATA) and density (VATD); and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (SATA) and density (SATD). Sarcopenia was defined as SMI < 52 cm2/m2 for men and < 39 cm2/m2 for women; sarcopenic obesity was defined as sarcopenia and a body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2. The relationships between CT metrics and OS were analyzed using Cox regression models, with 95% CI. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Of 98 pts with available baseline abdominal CT, 8 were excluded for scan quality, resulting in 90 evaluable cases: 51 men (57%), 39 women (43%); mean age, 63.2 years, SD 8.5; mean BMI, 29.3 kg/m2, SD 6.4; 80 (89%) White, 6 (7%) Black, and 4 (4%) unknown. Sarcopenia was present in 32 (36%) and sarcopenic obesity in 10 (11%) patients. Univariable analyses for the variables of interest indicated VATA (HR 1.24; 0.97-1.60; p = 0.09) and SMD (HR 0.75; 0.57-0.98; p = 0.04) were associated with OS. Analyses adjusted for sex, race, age, BMI, performance score, contrast use, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity showed VATA was associated with OS (HR 1.58; 1.0-2.51; p = 0.05). No significant difference in median OS was observed between pts with vs. without sarcopenia (OS 23.6 [19.3-NA] vs. 27.9 months [18.6-NA], respectively). Pts with vs. without sarcopenic obesity had lower median OS: 18.6 (14.7-NA) vs. 25.1 (10.5-46.0) months, respectively, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR 1.90, 95%CI 0.81-4.47, p = 0.14). Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to systematically evaluate body composition parameters in a prospective trial of patients with resectable PDA who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We found that visceral fat (VATA) is a prognostic marker in this population, but that sarcopenia may not be predictive in early PDA. Further studies to define the impact of longitudinal changes in body composition on individual outcomes may provide greater precision in predicting OS for subsets of pts with pancreatic cancer. Clinical trial information: NCT02562716