Background: Results from several clinical trials have preliminarily demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of single PD-1 inhibitors in neoadjuvant setting for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only around 40% patients could achieve Major Pathological Response. How to select patients who could benefit from single PD-1 blockade remains elusive. Methods: In this study, we aimed to assess the association of PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden (TMB), copy number alteration (CNA, including copy number gain and loss) burden with the pathological response to neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade. We also evaluated the dynamic changes of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by analyzing pre-immunotherapy treatment tumor biopsy samples from twenty-nine NSCLC patients as well as the matched post-surgery samples after neoadjuvant sintilimab treatment and resection. Targeted DNA sequencing (543 genes), PD-L1 immunochemistry staining (22C3) and multiplex immunofluorescence (CD4, CD8, CD9) were applied. Results: The degree of pathological regression and major pathological response (MPR), were positively correlated with tumor proportion score (TPS) of PD-L1 (R = 0.40, p = 0.04) and negatively correlated with copy number gain (CNgain) burden (R = -0.44, p = 0.04). Of note, the combination of CNgain burden and TPS can better stratify MPR patients compared to CNgain or TPS alone. Whereas, TMB only had a marginal association with pathological response (R = 0.32, p = 0.15). Additionally, PD-1 blockade led to an increase in CD8⁺PD-1-T cells in the tumor region (p = 0.04, Mann-Whitney U test for paired samples) and a reduction in Tregs and M2 macrophages in the stromal region (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test for paired samples). Further investigation showed that the degree of CD8⁺PD-1-T cell increase was significantly associated with MPR (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Intriguingly, we also observed a substantial reduction in CD19⁺ cells in the non-MPR group but not in the MPR group, indicating the involvement of B cells in improving neoadjuvant immunotherapy response in NSCLC patients. Conclusions: TPS and CNgain burden were correlated with pathological response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in NSCLC patients. This may provide potential selective indicators for future clinical trials of neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The dynamic changes of components in the tumor immune microenvironment may provide novel insight into the immune responses induced by neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade therapy.