Background: Tumor immunity is regulated by complex interactions between cancer and immune cells, which also involves other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major constituent of the TME, have emerged as important regulators of tumor immunity. Specifically, for example, α-smooth muscle actin or leucine-rich repeat containing 15-positive CAFs have been shown to be crucial for the suppression of tumor immunity. However, a comprehensive picture of how other CAF subset(s) are involved in tumor immunity is still lacking. Here, we show the involvement of a CAF subset highly expressing Meflin, which was recently identified as a marker of cancer-restraining CAFs in pancreatic cancer (Mizutani et al., Cancer Res, 2019), in the response of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods: A sample cohort of 122 subjects with NSCLC who had received ICI monotherapy with nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or atezolizumab was identified at the Department of Respiratory Medicine at Nagoya University Hospital. We selected 92 eligible patients, collected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, and prepared 4–µm-thick slides for the analysis of Meflin expression by RNA-in situ hybridization assay, followed by the evaluation of treatment response of 88 patients using the iRECIST criteria. We assessed the number of Meflin-positive CAFs and divided the patients into Meflin-High (20% and more CAFs express Meflin) and -Low groups. The cut-off value was obtained by the ROC analysis. Primarily, objective response rate (ORR) was compared between Meflin-High and –Low groups. Overall survival (OS), and progression free survival (PFS) were also assessed. Results: Patients who started to receive ICIs till the end of March 2019 were enrolled and followed-up until the end of 2019. Analysis of the tumor tissues revealed that 24 (40.7%) of 59 Meflin-High patients responded to the ICI monotherapy. In contrast, none (0%) of 29 Meflin-Low patients showed any significant response (p-value: 0.0000174). Meflin-High groups showed statistically significant prolongations in both OS and PFS with the hazard ratios of 0.3114 [0.1591-0.6094] and 0.3997 [0.2290-0.6976], respectively. Conclusions: This retrospective observation indicated that the high infiltration of Meflin-positive CAFs may shape tumor-suppressive immune response and increase the sensitivity to ICIs, which differs from those of other CAF subsets.