Background: Disease-free survival (DFS) is an appealing surrogate endpoint for overall survival (OS) in trials on neoadjuvant or adjuvant cancer therapy, because it is available faster and with less follow-up effort. The aim of this study was to assess if DFS can be a valid surrogate endpoint for OS when comparing neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery to surgery alone for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods: Individual patient data (IPD) from eight randomized controlled trials (n = 1,126 patients) which compared neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery with surgery alone for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma were used for the analysis. Correlation between OS-time and DFS-time was calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) for treatment effects were separately determined for each trial. Subsequently, HRs were pooled in a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. An error-in-variables linear regression model was used to compare observed and predicted values. The minimum treatment effect on DFS necessary to predict a non-zero treatment effect on OS was estimated by calculating the surrogate threshold effect. Results: OS-time correlated strongly with DFS-time. HRs for OS and DFS were highly similar for all single trials. The meta-analysis yielded almost identical overall HRs for treatment effects on OS and DFS. The determination coefficient for the association between HRs for OS and DFS was 0.912 (95% confidence interval 0.75-1.0), indicating a strong trial-level surrogacy between OS and DFS. The surrogate threshold effect was calculated at 0.79, indicating that a future trial yielding a hazard ratio for the treatment effect on DFS < 0.79 could be expected with a 95% probability to yield a hazard ratio for the treatment effect on OS < 1. Conclusions: DFS and OS strongly correlate both after neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery and after surgery alone for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Likewise, the treatment effects on the two endpoints are very similar. Consequently, DFS can be regarded an appropriate surrogate endpoint for OS in trials on neoadjuvant therapy for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.