Background: Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor for both bladder and lung cancer. We hypothesized that bladder cancer survivors are at high risk for second primary lung cancers (SPLC), and sought to describe the incidence and mortality attributable to SPLC among survivors of bladder cancer as well as other common cancers in the United States. Methods: We identified adult patients diagnosed with a localized primary malignancy from 8 of the most common non-pulmonary cancer sites in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 1992–2008. We explored factors associated with the incidence and mortality from SPLC using bivariable and multivariable models. Finally, we compared standardized incidence rates (SIRs) for SPLC in our cohort with the control arm of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), a large lung cancer screening trial in patients at high risk for lung cancer. Results: We identified 1,431,809 survivors of common non-pulmonary cancers, of whom 24,477 (1.7%) developed SPLC at a mean (SD) follow-up of 5.7 (3.6) years. Bladder cancer survivors developed SPLC at twice the rate of other cancer survivors, with 10% developing SPLC in the 20 years following their bladder cancer diagnosis. Increasing age and male gender were independent risk factors for SPLC, irrespective of the primary cancer type. Of patients who developed SPLC, 19,059 (78%) died during follow-up. Lung cancer was responsible for 73% of these deaths, such that over half (57%) of the cancer survivors who develop SPLC ultimately died of lung cancer. Bladder cancer survivors demonstrated a SIR of 512 cases/100,000 person-years, which approaches the rate (572 cases/100,000 person-years) seen in the control arm of the NLST. Conclusions: Over half of patients who develop SPLC died of their disease. Almost 10% of bladder cancer survivors develop SPLC in the 20-years following their diagnosis. This rate approaches that seen in the control arm of the NLST, suggesting that the incidence in bladder cancer survivors could justify lung cancer screening in this population. Further efforts to better define the potential risks and benefits of lung cancer screening in bladder cancer survivors is warranted.