Background: The National Cancer Policy Forum advocated for improving quality of end life care, and reducing cost for cancer patients. Identifying those at high risk for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and hospital death may allow earlier palliative care and avoid futile interventions. The purpose of this study is to examine risk factors for ICU admission, and hospital death among cancer patients admitted through the emergency department (ED). Methods: We queried MD Anderson Cancer Center databases for all patients who visited our ED in 2010. ICU admission and hospital deaths of these patients were reviewed, and individual patients’ data were analyzed. Results: In 2010, 16,038 ED visits were made by 9,246 unique cancer patients. Of these patients, 5,362 (58%) were admitted to the hospital at least once (range 1-13 admits). Of all patients admitted through the ED, 697 (13%) were admitted at least once to ICU. Of all patients admitted, 11% died during hospitalization; of those, 29% died in ICU. Among patients who died in ICU, 73/233 (31.3%) had hematologic malignancies and 96/354 (27.1%) had solid tumors (P<0.001). Patients admitted to ICU had median lengths of hospital stay (MLOS) of 13 days for hematologic and 8 days for solid tumors (P<0.001; using means); patients without ICU admission had MLOS of 6 and 5 days, respectively (P<0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression model for predicting in-hospital mortality, we found that ED presenting symptoms of respiratory distress or altered mental status; primary tumor of lung cancer, leukemia, unknown primary, or lymphoma; and nonwhite ethnicities were independent predictors of death. Insignificant factors included age, gender, residence, fever and pain. Conclusions: Cancer patients admitted through the ED experience high ICU admission rate, and hospital mortality. Lung and certain other cancers; race; and symptoms of respiratory distress and altered mental status were associated with increased risk of in-hospital death. Patients with these risk factors may benefit from efforts to improve palliative care and prevent futile interventions.